Gas motions of nonthermal origin, driven for instance by accreting streams of gas from filaments, or in the form of motions caused by infalling substructures and mergers ( Lau et al. 2019) to the thermal and chemical pictures. The velocity diagnostics of the ICM therefore provide a complementary picture of cluster physics ( Simionescu et al. All these processes not only leave an imprint on the thermal structure of the ICM, but also exhibit kinematic signatures. The diffuse intracluster medium (ICM) in galaxy clusters retains a wealth of information about the interaction with member galaxies, energetic feedback processes from stellar sources and black holes, chemical enrichment, and the system accretion history and merging events with other groups and clusters of galaxies. Key words: galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium / X-rays: galaxies: clusters / methods: numerical Additionally, we present simulated images of the thermal and kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effects from this merging system, using the above viewing configurations and compare the results at angular resolutions appropriate for future observatories such as CMB-S4 and the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST). The uncertainties on the inferred velocity dispersion are, however, too large to place any stringent constraints on the shallow gradient downstream of the shock. For both temperature and velocity dispersion, we found best-fit values that are consistent with predictions from the simulations within 1- σ. With the latter, we also investigated the ICM temperature and velocity gradient across the merger bow shock edge, from 20″-wide annuli extracted from a single 1 Ms X-IFU observation. Measurements in low surface brightness regions, especially when multiple velocity components are present along the line of sight, require high signal-to-noise ratio and the larger collecting area of the Athena X-IFU calorimeter is therefore required. While the velocity dispersion predicted from the simulations can be retrieved for the brightest 100 ks pointings with XRISM Resolve, some discrepancy with respect to the expected value is noted and can be attributed to the complex non-Gaussian line shapes. In these geometrical configurations, we found that clear non-Gaussian shapes of the iron He-like K α line at 6.7 keV are expected. We observed the system along two extreme line-of-sight directions: (1) perpendicular to the plane of the merger and (2) along the merger axis. To explore this possibility in the case of a major head-on cluster merger, we performed velocity analyzes of a cluster-cluster merger from a hydrodynamical simulation by means of X-ray synthetic spectra with a spectral resolution on the order of a few eV. An interesting application to clusters involves detecting multiple velocity components or velocity gradients from diagnostic observations of specific interesting locations across the cluster. As successfully achieved by Hitomi in observations of the Perseus cluster, measurements of gas velocities in clusters from high-resolution X-ray spectra will be achievable with upcoming X-ray calorimeters such as those on board XRISM, Athena, or a Lynx like mission. Major mergers between galaxy clusters can produce large turbulent and bulk flow velocities in the intracluster medium (ICM) and thus imprint useful diagnostic features in X-ray spectral emission lines from heavy ions. Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyĮ-mail: for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USAĮSO – European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany ZuHone 2, Tony Mroczkowski 3, Esra Bulbul 4 and William Forman 2 Astronomical objects: linking to databases.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences

Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes

Ivestigate the signal state of decay